Narratological approach

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Narratological approach

→ science of narrative (anything that has a story)


Fiction – short stories and novels

→ we have mediation (someone who tells the story) - this is **diegetic**

– narrators in films and plays.

→ mimetic genres

→ diegetic genres (fiction)


Wayne Booth – *Rhetoric of Fiction* (retorica romanului)

→ who tells the story?

→ who sees? => point of view


2 larger groups of possibility:

→ 1st person point of view

→ 3rd person point of view


First Person Point Of View

Who tells the story?

– we can find out right from the 1st page of the book.

The author is not present in the book – the narrator is.

“I was looking through the fence” => there is one “I” in the story => omniscient

author = a person, a human being, enters the mind of each and every character which he presents.


Omniscient narrator

= unrealistic, characteristic; is not possible in real life except God

– behaves like God, Godlike abilities

– pretends to be checked, we can never doubt of what the narrator is telling; we cannot doubt his motivations.

Story vs plot - E.M. Forster

“The king died and then the queen died”


“... of grief” => s. in a plot

**plot** = logical connection events in a storyline.

**story** = the chain of events that happen in a chronological order.


Henry Fielding – “Tom Jones” → everything is important for the plot.


1st person  narrative

– the story told by one of the characters in the book

– “I” – the pronoun

– maximum subjectivity

– unreliability – we don’t trust his word / the narrator

– but realistic like in real life

– everything we know is from reality


Human beings are limited in possibilities of knowing, of being present in two places at the same time, and they have personal interests.

– they make use of and tell us what they want to tell us, and hide what they want.


Pip from  Great Expectations Analysis 

Pip tells us that he was stupid when he didn’t like working.

→ this narrator tries to present him in a nice light, in the best words.


objectivity – human beings take the positive things

subjectivity – negative things


→ but this is not always true because we all have interests

→ we have purposes; maybe unconsciously.


At the beginning – Pip – he knows the name of the family from the graveyard

→ example of unreliability

– he doesn’t say he knows it from the judge, priest

– he knows it from 2 places [family stories]

– there’s no possible way to check his narrative


Meaning in literature

→ meaning in the author

→ in the text

→ reader


Novels are written for people.

The biographical features of the authors help understanding the book.

Booth – “the implied author”

Postmodernist critics → the text doesn’t exist without reading it.

The text has shape after you read it.

The readers are human beings.

 Lit. engl. (c) Sava J.

1.07.2005

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